به موجب این کنوانسیون دولت ها باید جنایات جنگی و جرایم علیه بشریت را از شمول مرورزمان کیفری خارج نمایند و به این ترتیب به تعهدات خود مبنی بر تعقیب و مجازات عاملان این جرایم جامه عمل بپوشانند. هم اکنون ۵۴ کشور عضو این کنوانسیون هستند و این کنوانسیون لازم الاجرا شده است. ↑
- Scharf, “The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes“, op.cit, p. 59; Ratner, Steven.R & Abrams, Jason.S, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009, p. 170; Seibert-Fohr, op.cit, pp. 247-248 ↑
برای نمونه می توان به رویه دولت های انتقالی در آرژانتین، اوروگوئه، شیلی، ساحل عاج، آنگولا، آفریقای جنوبی و….. اشاره نمود که به جای تعقیب و مجازات عاملان جرایم بین المللی، از سازوکارهای غیرکیفری استفاده نمودند.
( اینجا فقط تکه ای از متن فایل پایان نامه درج شده است. برای خرید متن کامل پایان نامه با فرمت ورد می توانید به سایت feko.ir مراجعه نمایید و کلمه کلیدی مورد نظرتان را جستجو نمایید. )
Ibid ↑
- Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, op.cit, Art.5(1)(b), Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the Court, Art.7, Crimes against Humanity ↑
- “Basic principles on the use of restorative justice programmes in criminal matters“, The Economic and Social Council, 2002/12. para. 3. Available at http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/res2002.asp (Last Visited at 12 September 2013) ↑
- پرادل، ژان، تاریخ اندیشه های کیفری، ترجمه: نجفی ابرندآبادی، علی حسین، سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی (سمت)، چاپ ششم، تهران، ۱۳۹۱، صص. ۸-۷ ↑
- Restorative Justice ↑
- همان، ص. ۶۴ ↑
- Private Justice Period ↑
- همان، صص. ۶۰-۵۹ ↑
- برای نمونه می توان به اسناد مصوب ارکان سازمان ملل متحد و اسناد مصوب اتحادیه اروپا اشاره نمود.
“Basic principles on the use of restorative justice programmes in criminal matters“,op.cit; Council Framework Decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings, The Council of the European Union, 2001/220/JHA, Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001F0220:EN:NOT (Last Visited at 12 September 2013) ↑
- پرادل، همان، صص. ۶-۵ ↑
- غلامی، همان، صص. ۱۲-۸ ↑
- Will, op.cit, pp. 109-110 ↑
- “Basic principles on the use of restorative justice programmes in criminal matters“, op.cit, para. 6 ↑
- Ibid, para. 20 ↑
- برای اطلاع از موضع نظام های حقوقی داخلی در رابطه با به کارگیری عدالت ترمیمی رجوع شود به: غلامی، همان، صص. ۱۹۸-۱۶۷ ↑
- Will, op.cit, p. 109 ↑
- Purist Model ↑
- Maximalist Model ↑
- غلامی، همان ↑
- نجفی ابرندآبادی، همان، صص. ۲۸-۲۶ ↑
- همان، ص. ۲۹ ↑
- دیوان بین المللی کیفری معتقد است که درج قواعدی در حمایت از قربانیان از جمله جبران خسارت از آن ها موجب شده است که دیوان بتواند بین عدالت کیفری و عدالت ترمیمی تعادل ایجاد نماید، به طوری که علاوه بر اجرای عدالت نسبت به عاملان جرایم بین المللی، برای قربانیان نیز امکان جبران زیان های وارده را فراهم می آورد.
http://www.iccـcpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/victims/Pages/victims%20and%20witnesses.aspx (Last Visited at 12 September 2013) ↑
- عباسی، همان، صص. ۱۱۲-۱۱۱ ↑
- McCartyIII, James.M, “Nonviolent Law? Linking Nonviolent Social Change and Truth and Reconciliation Commissions“, West Virginia Law Review, Vol.114, 2011-2012, p. 990 ↑
- عباسی، همان، ص. ۹۹ ↑
- Ibid, p. 991 ↑
- Permanent Court of International Justice, Case Concerning The Factory at Chorzow (Claim for Indemnity) (Merits) Series.A, No.17, 1928, p. 29; Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted by the International Law Commission in 2001, Art.1, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.602/Rev.1, 26 July 2001 ↑
- مسئولیت اعم از مدنی و کیفری، مستلزم پاسخگویی شخص مسئول است و این پاسخگویی یا به دلیل تقصیر است یا به دلیل وارد کردن زیان؛ مخاطب پاسخ هم یا جامعه است یا زیان دیده و هدف از آن هم یا بازدارندگی و تنبیه شخص مسئول است یا به حال اوّل برگرداندن وضعیت زیان دیده. در نظام های قدیمی مسئولیت از جمله حقوق روم و حقوق قدیم انگلستان و فرانسه موارد و هدف های یادشده از هم تفکیک نگردیده بود و مجازات فرد مسئول هم هدف بازدارندگی داشت و هم هدف جبران خسارت. بادینی، حسن، فلسفه مسئولیت مدنی، شرکت سهامی انتشار، چاپ اول، تهران، ۱۳۸۴، ص. ۱۵۹ ↑
- Tomuschat, Christian, “Individual Reparation Claims in Instances of Grave Human Rights Violations: The Position under General International Law“, In Randelzhofer, Albrecht, Tomuschat, Christian, Martinus, State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights, Nijhoff Publishers, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 2-5 ↑
- Boven, Theo.Van, United Nations Commission On Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, “Study Concerning the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms“, In Kritz, Neil.J, Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Vol.1, United States Institute of Peace Press, First Published Washington.DC, 1995, pp. 505-506, 519 ↑
- Gross and Systematic Violations of Human Rights ↑
- تخلّف های سنگین و سازمان یافته حقوق بشر طبقه مجزایی از تخلّف در نظام حقوق بشر است گرچه تعریف دقیقی از آن در اسناد بین المللی وجود ندارد. واژه سنگین به شدت کیفی تخلّف اشاره دارد و واژه سازمان یافته به شدت کمّی و گستردگی تخلّف اشاره دارد. برای اطلاع بیشتر از تفاوت های این دسته از تخلّف های حقوق بشری با سایر تخلّف های حقوق بشری رجوع شود به:
Shelton, Dinah, Remedies in International Human Rights Law, Oxford University Press, Second Edition, New York, 2006, pp. 389-390 ↑
- Article.8: “Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.", The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, General Assembly. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/history.shtml (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 2: “…۳. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes: (a) To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity;…". International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 7: “…. ۲. Everyone shall have the right to an effective remedy and protection against any discrimination he may suffer on the ground of race, colour or ethnic origin with respect to his fundamental rights and freedoms through independent national tribunals competent to deal with such matters.", United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1963, A/RES/18/1904. Available at: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r18.htm (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 10: “Every person has the right to be compensated in accordance with the law in the event he has been sentenced by a final judgment through a miscarriage of justice.", American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Available at: http://www.hrcr.org/docs/American_Convention/oashr.html (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 21: “…۲.In case of Spoliation the dispossessed people shall have the right to the lawful recovery of its property as well as to an adequate compensation…", African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, 1981. Available at: http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/documents-legal-instruments/basic-documents (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 5: “…۵. Everyone who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.", The European Convention on Human Rights, 1950. Available at: http://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 14: “1. Each State Party shall ensure in its legal system that the victim of an act of torture obtains redress and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. In the event of the death of the victim as a result of an act of torture, his dependants shall be entitled to compensation.", Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, General Assembly, A/RES/39/46, 1984. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/39/a39r046.htm (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- ماده ۱۹ اعلامیه حمایت از کلیه اشخاص از ناپدیدی اجباری و همچنین ماده ۱۴ کنوانسیون منع شکنجه گرچه به جای حق بر جبران خسارت به حق بر دریافت غرامت اشاره نموده اند، اما در ادامه غرامت را شامل ابزارهای لازم برای بازپروری کامل قربانی می دانند.
Article. 19: “The victims of acts of enforced disappearance and their family shall obtain redress and shall have the right to adequate compensation, including the means for as complete as rehabilitation as possible. In the event of the death of the victim as a result of an act of enforced disappearance, their dependants shall also be entitled to compensation.", Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, General Assembly, A/RES/47/133, 1992. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r133.htm (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 6: “States Parties shall assure to everyone within their jurisdiction effective protection and remedies, through the competent national tribunals and other State institutions, against any acts of racial discrimination which violate his human rights and fundamental freedoms contrary to this Convention, as well as the right to seek from such tribunals just and adequate reparation or satisfaction for any damage suffered as a result of such discrimination.", International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Article. 39: “States Parties shall take appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victims of: any form of neglect, exploitation,….", Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 1949, Art. 68. Available at: http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/375?OpenDocument (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Geneva, 1949, Art. 55. Available at: http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/375?OpenDocument (Last Visited at 12 December 2012) ↑
- “ Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law“, General Assembly, Sixtieth session, 2005, A/RES/60/147 ↑
- Ibid, para. 3 ↑
- Kritz, op.cit, pp. 520-536 ↑
- Case No.146/1983, 148/1983, In Ibid, p. 522 ↑
- Ibid, p. 523 ↑
- Judgment Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C.No.4, 1988; Judgment Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C.No.7, 1989 ↑
